The, A Venetian Nun And Early Modern Italian Author

Arcangela Tarabotti, a Venetian nun and Early Modern Italian author, spent the vast majority of her life in an Italian convent writing texts centered on issues of forced enclosure and the patriarchy. Throughout her lifetime, she published five works, but one of her most poignant, Paternal Tyranny, spoke to these issues in a uniquely powerful way. Indeed, Tarabotti focused on three significant main points: the hypocrisy of putting daughters in convents, the problems with male patriarchy as a whole, and her own interpretation of the Bible. These points were presented with the help of several rhetorical strategies throughout the novel, such as, her ability to turn around popular claims about women and apply them to men, her strong use of references to the Bible and popular literary works, and her use of parables throughout the work to clearly give examples of her arguments, and many more. By exploring each of her arguments , we can see how she used these various rhetorical strategies to her advantage. Indeed, one of her most interesting arguments throughout the novel was her own interpretation of the Bible and the various people in the Bible. The reader is introduced to this argument early on in the first book. For example, Tarabotti believes that Adam, not Eve, is mainly responsible for the fall from grace. She argues that, â€Å"if he [Adam] alone had the grace of free will and was superior to Eve, she would not have sinned at all, despite the serpent’s promptings andShow MoreRelatedThe, A Venetian Nun And Early Modern Italian Author961 Words   |  4 PagesArcangela Tarabotti, a Venetian nun and early modern Italian author, spent the vast majority of her life in an Italian convent writing various texts centered on issues of forced enclosure and the patriarchy. Throughout her lifetime, she published five works, but one of her most poignant, Paternal Tyranny, spoke to these issues in a uniquely powerful way. Indeed, Tarabotti focused on three significant main points: the hypocrisy of putting daughters in convents, the problems with male patriarchy asRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesPETER F. DRUCKER Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. Drucker Credits Front Cover Copyright About the Publisher iii Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues Where, readers may ask, is the discussion of COMPETITIVE STRATEGY, of LEADERSHIP, of CREATIVITY, of TEAMWORK, of TECHNOLOGY The, A Venetian Nun And Early Modern Italian Author Arcangela Tarabotti, a Venetian nun and early modern Italian author, spent the vast majority of her life in an Italian convent writing various texts centered on issues of forced enclosure and the patriarchy. Throughout her lifetime, she published five works, but one of her most poignant, Paternal Tyranny, spoke to these issues in a uniquely powerful way. Indeed, Tarabotti focused on three significant main points: the hypocrisy of putting daughters in convents, the problems with male patriarchy as a whole, and her own interpretation of the Bible. She presented these points with the help of several rhetorical strategies throughout the novel, such as, her ability to turn around popular claims about women and apply them to men, her strong use of references to the Bible and popular literary works, her use of parables throughout the work to clearly give examples of her arguments, and many more. By exploring each of her arguments, we can see how she used these various rhetorical strategies to her advantage. Indeed, one of her most interesting arguments throughout the novel was her own interpretation of the Bible and the various people in the Bible. The reader is introduced to this argument early on in the first book. For example, Tarabotti believes that Adam, not Eve, is mainly responsible for the fall from grace. She argues that, â€Å"if he [Adam] alone had the grace of free will and was superior to Eve, she would not have sinned at all, despite the serpent’s promptings andShow MoreRelatedThe, A Venetian Nun And Early Modern Italian Author955 Words   |  4 PagesArcangela Tarabotti, a Venetian nun and Early Modern Italian author, spent the vast majority of her life in an Italian convent writing texts centered on issues of forced enclosure and the patriarchy. Throughout her lifetime, she published five works, but one of her most poignant, Paternal Tyranny, spoke to these issues in a uniquely powerful way. Indeed, Tarabotti focused on three significant main points: the hypocri sy of putting daughters in convents, the problems with male patriarchy as a wholeRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesPETER F. DRUCKER Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. Drucker Credits Front Cover Copyright About the Publisher iii Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues Where, readers may ask, is the discussion of COMPETITIVE STRATEGY, of LEADERSHIP, of CREATIVITY, of TEAMWORK, of TECHNOLOGY

The Setting Of The Story A Rose For Emily - 1889 Words

The setting of the story A Rose For Emily is described to be in a southern type of setting. Also, it is noted that this story was taken place in Jackson Mississippi because of how it talks about the battle of Jackson. This short story was probably after the Civil War occurred because of how it was taken place in the 1880s and 1890s. These are all Southern Gothic elements because southern setting, Civil War, and slavery and race are all traits of how Southern Gothic literature is written. Slavery and race was also in the setting of this book because of how African Americans were still seen as slaves. Tobe - static character - Tobe is important because I believe that he is the narrator of the story and that he observed everything that Miss Emily has ever done. He is the observer and can truly decide if Miss Emma was innocent or truly crazy. Tobe is important to the story because of how he knew Miss Emma very well and he can tell the story from his point of view to tell others the truth about who Miss Emma really was. Miss Emily’s father - static character - Miss Emily’s father is an important character because it shows the abuse that Miss Emily endured and how it shows how crazy she was. She did not want to give up her father even though he was dead and gone. Her father also shows how people were during this time period and how you needed the father’s approval in order to even speak to women like Miss Emma. He was cruel to Miss Emma and did not let her go out with anyoneShow MoreRelatedSetting Analysis of the Story a Rose for Emily1007 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis of the setting of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner’s William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Although he was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 he moved to Oxford, Mississippi before his fifth birthday. Faulkner belonged to a once-wealthy family of former plantation owners (eNotes.com, Inc., 2012). He spent his boyhood hunting and fishing in and around Lafayette County (eNotes.com, Inc., 2012). William Faulkner based most of his stories and charactersRead MoreComparing the Setting of Barn Burning to that of A Rose for Emily1352 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Setting of Barn Burning to that of A Rose for Emily William Faulkner has written some of the most unique novels and short stories of any author, and, to this day, his stories continue to be enjoyed by many. Both â€Å"Barn Burning† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† tell about the life of southern people and their struggles with society, but Faulkner used the dramatic settings of these two stories to create a mood unlike any other and make the audience feel like they too were a part of these southernRead MoreA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. While written in five sections, the first and last section is written in present time, and the three middle sectionsRead MoreUses of the Conventions of the Gothic Story in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthe eighteenth century, Gothic story was an extremely popular form of literature, and it has been a major genre since then. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner are both Gothic horror stories consisting madness and suspense. The Gothic horror story carries particular conventions in its setting, theme, point of view, and characterisation. Both Gilman and Faulkner follow the conventions of the Gothic horror story to create fee lings of gloom, mysteryRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1181 Words   |  5 PagesA Rose for Emily iconic American literature? Faulkner uses setting, theme and plot to show the ways â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is an iconic American literature. Faulkner saw the Forum magazine with his short story he wrote, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and found out that was his first national publication. The Mississippi Writers Page says, â€Å"The man himself never stood taller than five feet, six inches tall, but in the realm of American literature, William Faulkner is a giant† (MWP). In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† theRead MoreIn Literature, There Are Genres. Two Main Genres Are Fiction1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthe imagination† (â€Å"What is the difference†¦?†). It can explain a story in a different point of view, maybe in a way that is out of the norm. Fiction is basically just nonfiction in an exaggerated way. Though fiction may not be based on the facts, it can still resemblance a sense of real life events. â€Å"Fiction may base on stories on actual historical events. Although fictitious characters are presented in a fictitious setting in stories and novels, yet they may have some resemblance with real life eventsRead MoreA Rose For Emily And Barn Burning By William C. Faulkner949 Words   |  4 Pagesunique short stories were written by William C. Faulkner who embodied the Southern sensibility, and to this day his stories continue to be enjoyed by many. Faulkner was born from a rich family who had accumulated wealth before the Civil War, but like many families in the South they had lost all of it during the conflict. His family moved to Oxford, Mississippi which is the basis for the fictional town of Jefferson in most of his stories from Yoknapatawpha County. Faulkner’s stories create a moodRead MoreA Tale of Terror 1087 Words   |  4 Pageseerie settings, and strange events leading up to a horrifying ending are all effective ways in which authors present their readers with a terrifying tale to remember. William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† a short story about the odd Emily Grierson, a once well-respected woman in a small southern town, takes readers into a whirlwind of a story leading up to a horrifying discovery about Miss Emily’s secretive demeanor. Through his characterization of Miss Emily, his descriptions of the setting, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoro ughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreThe Importance of Setting in a Rose for Emily884 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Setting in A Rose for Emily. Setting often provides more then just a mere backdrop for the action in the story. It is probably the most important part of the putting together a story. In this story the setting is a reflection of the character as much as the town. The physical setting, time setting and cultural settings are all important parts of this short story, Physical setting is to give the readers a sense of what the environment is for the story. The physical setting for A rose

1st Merit List Bs English Uog Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department: Programme: S# Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 00066 00048 00053 00085 00043 00038 2-310 00015 00062 00031 00050 00019 00040 00034 00044 00046 00051 00026 00001 00020 10005 07560 10862 15496 03676 03915 07220 00072 03577 15509 16023 06683 12333 10969 13602 07927 18530 11985 10409 03302 06529 13930 Mahmoor Ghani Sheikh D/o Ziad Ghani Sheikh Wajeeha Khawar D/o Khawar Mumtaz Malik Ayesha Zahoor D/o Zahoor Ahmad Maria Fayaz Malik D/o M Fayaz ul Haq Awan Zainab Amjed D/o Amjed Shah Hajab Binte Fayyaz D/o Fayyaz Ahmad Cheem Farwa Arooj D/o Muhammad Sharif Afifa Khalid D/o Khalid Iqbal Tooba Pervaiz D/o Pervaiz Ahmad Ifra Azmat D/o Muhammad Azmat Maryam Tariq D/o Tariq Mehmood Ayesha Zahid D/o Zahid Pervaiz Rafia Ejaz D/o Ejaz Ahmad Ruhma Ahmad D/o Sher Ahmad Tayyaba Jamil D/o Jamil Anjum Junaid Zaman S/o M Iqbal Farah Nasim D/o Muhammad Nasim Ch. We will write a custom essay sample on 1st Merit List Bs English Uog or any similar topic only for you Order Now Muhammad Tayyab Shehzad S/o Shafqat Ullah Atif Zia S/o Zia Ullah Noorul-Ain Liaquat D/o Liaquat Ali Humaira Chaudhry D/o Bashir Ahmed 75. 66 73. 86 72. 24 68. 94 68. 91 68. 61 67. 63 67. 49 66. 76 66. 54 66. 45 66. 17 65. 96 65. 78 65. 65 64. 85 64. 70 64. 69 64. 67 64. 25 63. 98 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 1 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department: Programme: S# Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 00003 00312 00068 00086 00055 00314 00047 00097 00037 00056 00096 00087 00313 00089 00033 00071 00016 00072 00017 00067 00059 07432 72356 16799 19225 18019 72358 10584 01747 13736 18058 18612 29332 72357 13212 13459 19452 03559 15971 15468 17707 17068 Badar Zaman S/o Muhammad Zaman Zara Yousaf D/o Dr Muhammad Yousaf Saniha Khalid D/o Khalid Pervaiz Muhammad Arnan Ali S/o Sharafat Ali Muhammad Usman Gohar S/o Muhammad Ramzan Haroona Mahtab D/o Zafar Iqbal Bisma Mushtaq D/o Mushtaq Ahmed Ranjha Alina Muzafar D/o Muzafar Hussain Maria Kokab D/o Mushtaq Ahmad Khushbakht Shoaib D/o Muhammad Shoaib Khawaja Faiqa Andleeb D/o Zafar Iqbal M Omer Javaid S/o Ansar Javaid Aqsa Ehsan ul Haq D/o Ahsan ul Haq Ammara Ansar D/o Ansar Hayat Muhammad Hamed S/o Abdul Majid Farwa Tahira D/o Ali Asghar Saba Inam D/o Inam Ullah Khan Zainab Imtiaz Warrich D/o Imtiaz Khalid Warrich Tasmia Younas D/o Muhammad Younas Abdullah Amjad S/o Amjad Mahmood Shafaq Khalid D/o Khalid Mehmood Butt 63. 74 63. 41 63. 23 62. 58 62. 34 61. 83 61. 49 60. 81 60. 38 60. 32 60. 01 59. 67 59. 19 59. 17 59. 13 58. 93 58. 89 58. 82 58. 52 58. 40 58. 30 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 2 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat C ampus Department: Programme: S# Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 00035 00095 00069 00088 00032 00027 00064 00094 00065 00073 00018 00090 00052 00049 00060 11833 21798 11178 20608 15219 15458 19561 21725 13763 19511 03783 16770 03557 16063 13499 Sidra Qayyom D/o Abdul Qayyom Mehak Wasim D/o Babar Wasim Ather Syeda Zubaria Aqeel D/o Syed Aqeel Abbas M Saqlain Mukhtar S/o Mukhtar Ahmed Saba Nayab D/o Arshad Mahmood Hira Ahsan D/o Muhammad Ahsan Anum Nawaz D/o Muhammmad Nawaz Zunaira ch D/o Ch Salahuddin Syeda Samreen Jaffari D/o Syed Khaliq u Zaman Jaffari Saba Arshad D/o Muhammmad Arshad Ayesha Imtiaz D/o Muhammad Imtiaz Mughal Syeda Rizwana Sajad D/o Sajad Hussain Shah Sidra Naveed D/o Naveed Aslam Saba Asghar Paswal D/o M Asghar Paswal Shama Sahar D/o Riaz Ahmad 58. 19 57. 56 56. 69 56. 40 55. 99 55. 58 55. 46 55. 28 55. 25 54. 82 54. 71 53. 42 51. 68 51. 40 50. 52 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 3 of 3 13 October, 2011 How to cite 1st Merit List Bs English Uog, Essay examples

Seven Deadly Sins in Doctor Faustus Essay Example For Students

Seven Deadly Sins in Doctor Faustus Essay Dr Faustus is a short play written by Christopher Marlowe. The play is a masterful insight into the paradoxical soul of mankind and its ironically self inflicted corruption. The play could be classification as a theological allegory. It can be assumed that the play specifically speaks to the religious motivations of the time, but can be adapted to the present as well. Marlowe portrays Faustus ambition as dangerous; it was the cause of his demise. Perhaps Marlowe used the theme of over-ambition as a warning to the audience, who would be likely to be wary of ambition it was looked down on as a negative personality trait in Christian England Calvinism Munteanu, Class notes. An on going theme within the story is the corruption of a soul which is played out through the use of religious beliefs. Specifically, the use of the seven deadly sins is a precursor to man kinds self inflicted death. Marlowe uses sin, redemption and damnation to get his point across to the audience. The sins that Marlowe specifically uses are those of: pride, covetousness, wrath, envy, gluttony, sloth and lechery. Theses sins are colourfully displayed through the character traits of Dr Faustus. In the process we view them and can adapt them to our own lives and how they are all parts to the corruption of our souls. Marlowe reflects ambition in the character of Faustus to deter the audience from being ambitious, and over-reaching their place in the laws of the church. Marlowe uses symbols of religion to fill the play such as the use of the dark arts, angles, demons, God, the Devil, quotes from the bible, the symbol of blood, and the use of the seven sins. With the use of these icons he humours the reader he displays the gullibility of even the greatest leaders. In the prologue, Marlowe introduces us to Dr Faustus via the chorus. Here we are told of the life of an ordinary man, born to modest people. This piece tells us that in the new age of the Renaissance, a common-born scholar like Faustus, is as important as any king or warrior, and his story is worthy of being told. Also state is that Dr Faustuss swelling pride will lead to his downfall. Here we are addressed with a precursor of what is about to happen and how it is to be facilitated, again by one mans desire to destroy himself in respect to Godliness. In act one, Marlowe portrays Faustus as being over-ambitious by his turning to magic, which is a much more sinister and much less conventional pursuit than others that he had been discussing previously. Faustus hopes that magic will make him omnipotent and god-like. Through out the next few acts we see Dr Faustus disregard the teachings against the seven deadly sins with his trickery and debauchery. The great doctor Faustus has the seven deadly sins entrenched in his life and they are displayed by his various actions during the play. The first deadly sin was that of pride. Dr Faustus saw himself as in comparison to others in a competitive nature. Pride and vanity are competitive. This was done in Act One when he sits there and tells the audience of his accomplishments and wishes for more glory. The second is covetousness, it is manifested in the play through various actions. Faustus demonstrates this in various scenes, when he evokes the devils magic, the want of a wife, and the overall actions of his character portray his pursuit of knowledge and glory. Usually this sin is manifested through sex, power, or image which demises the self control and can suffocate the soul. It is the self-destructive drive for pleasure which is out of control. Faustus does this when he performs his silly tricks for self indulgence. Wrath is the third sin. Life And Death In John Keats EssayBefore Faustus dies he seems to think he sees the blood of Christ streak across the sky. To Christians the symbol of blood means life and communion of the Christian belief. Christian virtues are being inspected with the use of temptation, and sin. Prominent token head figures are also being scrutinized they are placed in the story for aid or to reveal their sins. With each of these symbols the author adds shock value to the play. Using the head of the Catholic Church for humour is another twist that Marlowe has woven into the play. The pope and his courtiers are being made fun of; they do not see the stupid tricks that are being played on them show their earthy insolence. These people represent the cornerstones of the church; they are being played with, and rendered idiots of the unknown. The use of redemption is the various characters that speak to Faustus and bid him to leave the dark arts and pick up the scriptures or in other words return to Gods light. Even the demonic spirits tell Faustus of the impending horrors of death but he does not abide to the forewarnings. This only shows that mankind has self direction he may chose what he wants to follow. Even if the out come is negative Gods light is usually eternal and all we need is to ask for help. The damnation with in the text is obvious as in the opening scene with the chorus, the death of mans body but worse the death of his soul. His corruption of earthly knowledge and possessions only grants the eternal demise. The main character Dr Faustus is a tragic hero; in the process of the play he destroys himself but in the same step he sarcastically displays the audiences own idiosyncrasies. The on going theme within the story has been the use of religious icons and beliefs. We have seen the use of the seven deadly sins as well as the patriarchs of faith and politics corrupted by a jester in their court. During an in class discussion we were told that the play was written by Marlowe in response to the teachings of John Calvin. Munteanu, 2002. Therefore it can be said that Marlowe is attempting to alter the doctrines his fellow country men with whom are questioning their religions. Marlowe uses the renaissance ideals with the medieval myths to master his point. This work is a forewarning of damnation by those who attempt to alter the doctrines or moral standards, and a beacon of caution to those in search of the unknown. Dr Faustus, the work of good and evil. When man becomes idle his mind wanders and he wants more. With the wealth of knowledge Dr Faustus wanted more, he was no longer content with his academia since they could no longer provide him with wealth and fame as well as fulfill his souls want, he turned to the mastering of the dark arts.

Hinduism And Buddhism Essays (3893 words) - Reincarnation

Hinduism And Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities and are in some ways connected to each other. Some of the practices of the two religions are similar in various ways and there are several examples to show this. Hinduism first started in India around 1500 BC. The word Hindu comes from the Sanskrit word sindhu, or river. The Hindu community define themselves as those who believe in the Vedas, or also those who follow the way, or dharma, of the four classes and the stages of life. The four classes being the varnas and the stages of life being the ashramas. Like Hinduism, Buddhism also started in India. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is called the Buddha or the Enlightened One. Buddhism started a monastic movement in the Brahman tradition. It is generally agreed that the Buddha was born in 563 BC in Kapilavastu to the ruler of a small kingdom. He grew up with luxuries and had a sheltered life. When he was 29 he came to realize that hi life up to this point had been so empty. He let go any earthly attachments and soon set out to find peace and enlightenment trying to steer away from the cycles of rebirths. He started practicing Yoga and adopted a life of radical asceticism. He soon gave up this way of thinking and focused on a middle path between the life of indulgence and that of self-denial. After a time of great inner struggle, he began to wander to different places and preach and organized a monastic community know as the sangha. The Buddha started the movement for all different peoples and denied that a person's spiritual worth is a matter of birth. The Buddha left no written word. His ideas Tillotson 2 have been put into writings though but his followers. The Cannon for the Buddhist religion is known as the Tripitaka, or Three Baskets, because is has three writings. These are the Sutra Pitaka, which is a collection of discourses, the Vinaya Pitaka, which is the code of the monastic discipline, and the Abhidharma Pitaka, which contains all different philosophical, psychological, and doctrinal discussions and different classifications. The Sutra Pitaka is made up of dialogues between the Buddha and his people and consists of five different texts. The first is the Digha Nikaya, then the Mijjhima Nikaya, the Samyutta Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya and the Khuddaka Nikaya. The Vinaya Pitaka has over 225 rules of conduct for the Buddhist monks and nuns, each which ha a story to explain. The Abhidharma Pitaka has seven separate works, which include detailed classifications of the psychological phenomena, metaphysical analysis, and a thesaurus of technical vocabulary. Hinduism also has many texts but the most important of all is the Vedas. The oldest is the Rig-Veda, which was developed in an ancient form of the Sanskrit language in northeast India. It consists of 1028 hymns to many gods. Two other Vedas were added to the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda which is a book for sacrifice, and the Sama-Veda which I the hymnal. A fourth book added around 900 BC, which is a collection of magic spells, is called the Atharva-Veda. The Brahmans, long Sanskrit texts, were also composed around this time and the Upanishads were composed around 600 BC. These Vedas and writings are considered revealed canon or shruti, meaning, what has been heard from the gods, and no syllable is allowed to be changed though most Hindus are unaware of the contents of these writings. Most know of the Smriti, or what is remembered. Tillotson 3 Hinduism is defined by what the people do instead of what they think. Few beliefs are shared by all Hindus, but some are reverence for Brahmans and cows, abstention from meat, especially beef, and marriage within the caste in the hope of producing male heirs. Some others are that most Hindus chant the gayatri hymn to the sun at dawn. Most Hindus worship Shiva, Vishnu or the goddess, Devi as well as hundreds of smaller deities depending on the village one lives in or even a particular family. The Buddhists worship the Buddha and follow the four noble truths. These are (1) Life is suffering; meaning that human

Nuclear Power Station Advantages and Disadvantages

Nuclear Power Station Advantages and Disadvantages Introduction As the human civilization has advanced, so have the energy demands of humankind. The modern world requires huge amounts of energy resources to sustain its need. For over a century, these energy demands have been satisfied by fossil fuels.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nuclear Power Station Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the energy demands have increased significantly and it has been recognized that the un-renewable fossil fuel reserves will not be able to satisfy the global energy demands for long. This together with the observed negative environmental impacts of the sources has necessitated the search for alternative energy sources. Nuclear energy has emerged as a potential alternative energy source to fossil fuel. Loyn (2011) declares that while there are other alternative sources of energy, nuclear power is the most reliable and sustainable one. The t echnology to exploit nuclear power has already been well developed and as of 2011, nuclear power stations were supplying 6% of the worlds energy needs. This suggests that nuclear power is a feasible replacement to fossil fuels as a primary source of energy for the world. Nuclear Power: An Overview Nuclear power refers to the process of creating heat through a nuclear reaction and then harnessing this heat to produce electricity. It was an offshoot of the nuclear weapons industry. After scientists successfully learned how to build the atomic bomb, government funded research and development was committed to civilian application and nuclear development. Researchers hoped to be able to harness the enormous energy produced by nuclear reactions for peaceful use. Governments have continued to play a crucial role in the nuclear industry and Western governments have expended significant financial resources to the development of nuclear power. The US government spent $70 billion between 1948 and 1998 while the OECD governments had spent $318 billion by 1992 on nuclear energy research and development (Caldicott, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nuclear energy encompasses two varying but related forms of reactions fission and fusion. In nuclear fission, nuclear power is produced by splitting a radioactive isotope of a heavy element into two or more smaller nuclei (Benedict, 1971). The newly formed nuclei are positively charged and they repel each other thereby traveling at high speeds in opposite directions. If there are other fissionable atoms nearby, they may be induced to fission by colliding with the high speed traveling nuclei from the first fission atom and this creates a chain reaction (McKinney Schoch, 2012). The chain reaction taking place due to nuclear fission has to be controlled. If it is allowed to go on in an uncontrolled manner, it will lead to a nuclear meltdown. Control rods are the devices used to regulate the nuclear fission process. These rods are made of material that readily absorbs neutrons, such as cadmium and boron. The nuclear chain reaction can be completely stopped by inserting the control rods fully into the nuclear reactor. In the fusion process, the nuclei of light elements fuse together to form heavier elements. An enormous amount of energy is released in this process thereby creating nuclear power. The first artificial fusion reaction was attained when the US detonated a hydrogen bomb in 1954. However, controlled and sustained fusion reactions are not yet feasible as a commercial energy source. The lack of success in harnessing energy from the fusion process for commercial energy production is due to the extremely high temperatures needed to initiate the fusion reaction. McKinney and Schoch (2012) reveal that researchers are working to come up with a practical means of producing t he extremely high temperatures needed for fusion and to contain the fusion reaction after it gets started. How Nuclear Power Works All modern nuclear power plants make use of the fission process to produce energy. A great amount of energy is required to split an atom and to accomplish this a nuclear reactor, which is a machine that shoots electricity-charged neutrons at atoms at great speeds, is used. The reactor consists of a core, which has the nuclear fuel (usually uranium), a moderator to slow neurons down, and control rods to regulate the rate of the fission process (Sivanagaraju, 2010). When the nuclear power plant is in operation, vast amounts of heat energy are generated in the reactor core. Water is used as the main coolant for the core.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nuclear Power Station Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The water in the nuclear power plant is contain ed in a primary and a secondary loop. The primary loop circulates around the core and its water directly cool the core. During the cooling process, the water in the loop absorbs the core’s heat energy. Lilley (2010) states that the water in the primary loop is push under high pressure to retain it liquid form. The primary loop is exposed to the core and the water in it potentially becomes radioactive. The water is therefore recycled and not exposed to the environment. The secondary loop contains water that is heated by the primary loop through a heat exchanger. This heat turns the secondary loop water into steam. Since the water in the secondary loop does not come into direct contact with the primary loop water, it is not radioactive. The steam is therefore used directly to turn turbines in generators and produce electricity. Advantages of Nuclear Power Nuclear power reduces the negative environmental impact that electricity generation activities cause. Without nuclear power, industrialized countries such as the US would have to rely overwhelmingly on coal burning to generate electricity. McKinney and Schoch (2012) assert that coal causes severe environmental degradation as harmful greenhouse gases are produced and harmful particles are introduced into the environment. The other major source of electricity generation is hydro power plants and these facilities result in significant pollution to the environment. Hydroelectric power plants lead to flooding in the upstream areas and encourage the proliferation of disease-bearing organisms due to the disruption caused to natural water flow. Nuclear energy provides the only feasible solution to provide for the growing electricity demands in the world. The global electricity demand is expected to double in the next 2 decades (Hore-Lacy, 2011). Nuclear energy is able to provide continuous reliable supply to meet the global energy demands. To reduce the reliance on the non-renewable fossil fuels, renewable alter natives such as wind and solar energy have been proposed. Many nations have established power plants that harness these resources to produce electricity. However, these alternatives suffer from a lack of reliability. Wind power relies on the presence of substantial amounts of wind while solar energy requires the continuous radiation from the sun. For these two alternatives to be exploited, the power station has to be fitted with substantial back-up capacity in order to provide continuous energy.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The prices for the fuel for nuclear reactors is low and relatively stable making the unit cost of electricity from nuclear power stations fairly predictable (Sivanagaraju, 2010). The Fossil fuel prices are unstable and most times, they are escalating. This makes reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation unreliable and expensive. The price fluctuation has a negative economic impact on the countries that rely on fossil fuels for electricity generation. The price for uranium, which is the primary fuel for nuclear reactors, is stable which makes the cost of electricity from nuclear power stations steady over extended periods of time. Nuclear power stations are capable of providing cheap electricity especially when the power generated is large (Sivanagaraju, 2010). After the initial capital expenses have been incurred, the running costs of the power station are low. The amount of energy obtained from a small amount of nuclear fuel also contributes to the reduction in the cost p er unit. Nuclear power plants have established themselves as the safest means of large-scale commercial power generation. Since the start of commercial nuclear energy production, nearly 6 decades ago, nuclear power generation has shown an impressive safety record (Benedict, 1971). McKinney and Schoch (2012) reveal that the wide publicizing of the few nuclear accidents has caused the perception that nuclear power plants are unsafe. In reality, other sources of electricity generation have had many accidents and caused more deaths than nuclear power plants. The use of nuclear power to produce electricity increases the energy dependence of a country. Most nations rely on the fossil resources to satisfy their energy production. Overdependence on fossil fuels leads to energy dependency on the nations that have huge fossil fuel reserves. The non-oil producing nations of the world are forced to spend a lot of foreign currency importing these products. Nuclear power plants reduce the demands for coal, gas, and oil therefore promoting energy reliance in countries that lack fossil fuel resources. This increases the freedom of the country and also saves it millions of dollars that would have been used importing fossil fuels. Nuclear power plants have less space requirements compared to other electricity production methods such as hydroelectric. This is a major advantage since land is becoming a scarce resource as the human population increases and more land is required for industrial activity. The limited space requirements of nuclear power stations mean that they can be constructed relatively nearer to the load center in order to reduce transmission losses. Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Nuclear power makes use of nonrenewable resources, which means that this source of energy cannot provide for humanity’s energy needs indefinitely. Loyn (2011) documents that uranium, which is the main fissile fuel use in nuclear reactors, is a finite resource and the available ura nium deposits are expected to run out in about 100 years. The widespread availability of uranium is already diminishing as more nations set up nuclear power stations. Nuclear power can therefore not be relied upon to provide energy for generations to come. Nuclear power plants produce toxic waste that can be harmful to the environment. Nuclear plants make use of uranium and plutonium to produce the heat energy through the nuclear reaction. Once these raw materials have been used for the production of nuclear energy, they are radioactive in nature and must be stored safely. Meisen and Hunter (2007) document that these toxic byproducts have a very long half-life and they must be stored safely for thousands of years. A nation that wishes to use nuclear power to generate electricity has to invest in a sophisticated waste disposal program. Nuclear power plants require large quantities of water during routine operations. This water is used for cooling purposes and for turning the turbines to generate electricity. While most of the water is reused in the operation, significant water is released into the atmosphere therefore making the water requirements for the power plant great (Caldicott, 2006). The huge water requirements make it expensive for nuclear power plants to be constructed at locations where there is no large water supply. In addition to this, nuclear power plants lead to the contamination of water since the water in the primary loop becomes radioactive due to contact with the core. The mining and processing of the uranium resources necessary to fuel nuclear power plants has a major impact on the environment. Uranium is found in small concentration and a significant amount of uranium ore has to be mined in order to extract uranium from the earth. McKinney and Schoch (2012) state that more than 140,000 metric tons of uranium ore has to be mined to supply the uranium fuel consumed by a 1,000-megawatt capacity nuclear power plant annually. Caldicott (2006) r eveals that as more nuclear power plants are commissioned, the demand for uranium will increase and this will deplete the high-grade deposits of uranium ore making it necessary for more land to be mined in order to extract the uranium. The level of damage in case of a major disaster in a nuclear power plant would be catastrophic. McKinney and Schoch (2012) chillingly warn that the typical modern nuclear power plant contains within its walls radiation equivalent to that of a thousand Hiroshima bombs (p.223). In a worst-case nuclear accident scenario, up to 100,000 immediate deaths would occur and tens of thousands of subsequent deaths would follow due to radiation poisoning. The Chernobyl disaster of 1986 demonstrated the huge environmental implications that a nuclear power station accident can cause. Chudley (2012) documents that this accident led to the severe contamination of over 10,000 square kilometers of territory in former USSR Is Nuclear Power Friendly to the Environment? Nu clear power presents an additional danger to the environment since an accidental spillage has adverse effects on the surrounding environment. Caldicott (2006) warns that there is danger of the huge quantities of radioactive waste accumulating from nuclear power leaking and contaminating drinking water and food chains in many parts of the world. In addition to the risk of accidental spillage, nuclear power plants are making the environment unsafe. Nuclear power plants emit routine radiation that may be dangerous to the environment. Caldicott (2006) states that the radioactive elements released from the nuclear fuel cycle cause damage to living cells. The environment is in constant danger from the harmful byproducts of nuclear power stations. Nuclear power plants produce toxic radioactive waste that must be safely stored to avoid environmental contamination. Caldicott (2006) states that a regular 1,000 megawatt nuclear power plant generates 30 tons of extremely dangerous radioactive w aste annually. So far, a safe means of disposing of the deadly radioactive waste is yet to be developed. However, it should be noted that the dangers to the environment all require catastrophic failures in the nuclear power plants. While nuclear power plants pose significant threats to the environment, the US Environmental Protection Agency (2012) asserts that these power plants are built with safety considerations as a priority. The reactor plants are shielded to ensure that the radiation is contained and does not escape into the environment. The impressive safety record of nuclear power stations all over the world suggests that nuclear energy is actually friendly to the environment. In addition to this, nuclear power plants reduce the environmental effects caused by traditional energy production methods since they do not release any harmful gases into the environment. The Future of Nuclear Power Nuclear power plants promise to reduce carbon emissions while at the same time guarant eeing energy security for decades to come. However, this energy production method can still be improved upon. At the present, the nuclear power generation plants make use of nuclear fission. Loyn (2011) states that nuclear fusion is yet to be developed for use in civilian power stations. Hore-Lacy (2011) reveals that it is hoped that by the time the uranium supplies in the world are exhausted, nuclear fusion will be an option. If this technology is perfected, the society will be able to benefit from the enormous amount of energy produced from this process. In addition to this, the resources needed for nuclear fusion are in abundant supply. Loyn (2011) reveals that Deuterium, the isotope of hydrogen used in nuclear fusion, can be extracted from ordinary water. Since ordinary water is available in abundance, nuclear fusion can provide enough energy to last humanity for millions of years. The major disadvantages attributed to nuclear power plants are associated with the use of fission reactors. If major developments are made in fusion technology, these demerits of nuclear power will be eliminated. Scientists agree that fusion would be an ideal energy source since it would provide enormous amounts of energy from an infinite resource (ordinary water) and without the radioactive waste products that fission produces (Loyn, 2011). Conclusion This paper set out to discuss nuclear power station with focus on the advantages and disadvantages of these stations. The paper begun by defining nuclear power and elaborating on how nuclear power can be used to produce electricity. It has demonstrated that nuclear power is capable of producing enough electricity to satisfy the growing global energy demands. The paper has also highlighted some of the most important advantages of nuclear power, including its low environmental impact, reliability, reduced unit price, and limited space requirements. In addition to this, the paper has recognized that there are major risks associated w ith using nuclear power to generate electricity. However, measures can be taken to mitigate these risks and ensure that the society is able to harness the enormous energy held in nuclear power at minimal risk. A discussion on the future of nuclear energy has been made. The paper has demonstrated that for nuclear power to serve as an alternative to fossil fuel, major developments have to be made in nuclear fusion since the currently preferred method, nuclear fusion, is unsustainable. However, the current fission power plants are a relevant alternative to fossil fuels. These nuclear power plants will continue to play a crucial role in providing for the growing global energy demands for decades to come. References Benedict, M. (1971). Electric Power From Nuclear Fission. PNAS, 68(8), 8-16. Caldicott, H. (2006). Nuclear Power Is Not the Answer to Global Warming Or Anything Else. Melbourne: Melbourne Univ. Publishing. Chudley, A. (2012). Genetic implications and health consequences follo wing the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Clin Genet, 77(1), 221–226. Hore-Lacy, I. (2011). Nuclear Power and Energy Sustainability. S CB, 23(1), 159-176. Lilley, S. (2010). System Failure Case Studies: Island Fever, NASA Safety Center, 4 (3), 23-34. Loyn, C. (2011). Can Nuclear Power Save the Climate? Young Scientists Journal, 9(1), 16-19. McKinney, M.L. Schoch, R.M. (2012). Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. NY: Jones Bartlett Publishers. US Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Nuclear Power Plants. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/radtown/nuclear-power-plants Sivanagaraju, S. (2010). Generation and Utilization of Electrical Energy. New Delhi: Pearson Education India.

The Palestine-Israel Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Palestine-Israel Conflict - Essay Example This can be attributed that the Israeli have been on top of the conflict due to huge support from the Americans. This is true and can also be attested by the number of adults killed in the course of the conflict. Palestinians have had the greater loss in this conflict. In terms of the injuries during the war, Palestine has the highest figures of victims. Israel has a lower number since they own the conflict. These comparisons are nothing to be proud of by the Americans. This is because the American involvement has led to more deaths and devastation for the Palestinians. The number of political prisoners is higher to the Palestinians than the Israeli. Even the destruction of homes, Palestinians have had the greater loss. The difference in these figures is surprising. The Christian-Americans continue to support the non-Christian Israelis and not Muslims since they share Christianity (Caplan 27). In a morally right perspective, Americans should support the Palestinians since the Israel has caused utter inhumanity to the Palestinians. Conclusively, Christian values dictate that these kinds of activities should be

Barclays bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Barclays bank - Essay Example Financial ratios are important in that they aid in determining the financial performance of the company, they also help to identify the strength and the weaknesses of the company, financial ratios include debt ratio, sales turnover ratio, return on assets, and return on equity gearing ratio, current ratio and price earning ratio. All these ratios are important but in order to identify the strength and the weaknesses of the company we need to identify the profitability, efficiency and the leverage of the company. The gearing ratio is a financial indicator of the relationship between long term liabilities and capital employed, it is an important indicator to investors, this is because shares in a financial year may earn dividends while in some years dividends may not be paid, it is also important to investors in that long term liabilities are in form of loans and that they need to be paid back with interest and if the ratio is not appropriate investors end up loosing finally share holders have voting rights while long term liabilities do not have the voting rights that are used in making decisions of the company. Therefore the gearing ratio shows the relationship between long term liabilities and it is calculated by dividing long term liabilities by the shareholders equity. ... 1685 27106 Because we derive the gearing ratio by dividing the long term liabilities by the total share holder equity we substitute our values as follows: Gearing ratio = 183,011/27106 = 6.75 Therefore our gearing ratio is 6.75, this means that the company finances more using long term debts than equity through sale of share, this means that the company has to pay interest earned by these liabilities while it would have been possible to raise capital through equity, therefore there is a problem of having to pay high interest levels for the debts and therefore the company needs to minimize the costs of debts by raising funds through the sale of shares. Dividend history: The following table summarizes dividends paid over the past 3 years, form the table it is evident that dividends paid have increased over the years: year dividends paid (million pounds) 2005 1894 2006 2215 2007 2559 The following chart shows the dividends paid by the company in the past 3 years: From the above chart it is evident that the companies dividends have increased, this is an indication that in 2008 the dividends are likely to increase, this is an indication that the bank has increased its profit levels and therefore it is likely that the dividends will increase in the future, therefore investing in this company is much more profitable due to the high anticipated divided levels in the future. Cash flow statement: We analyze the company's performance using the 2007 cash flow statement, according to this statement we will be in a position to analyze the financial position of the bank and also indentify the source of the high profits gained by the bank. Assets purchases: During the year 2007 there were major changes in the level of assets held by the company, the company

Workplace behaviors and the role of motivation in the work environment Essay

Workplace behaviors and the role of motivation in the work environment - Essay Example Work psychology can be generally described as the study of human behavior in work environments. Following World War II, work psychology was explained simply as â€Å"fitting the person to the job† and â€Å"fitting the job to the person† (Furnham, 2005). Over the years, this has evolved to become vocational/occupational psychology, organizational psychology, management and ergonomics. This is a study of how people behave individually and in groups, how leaders emerge and how â€Å"the thoughts, feelings and behaviour† of the employees are affected by the â€Å"actual, imagined or implied behaviour of others in the organization† (Furnham, 2005).The Classic Styles of Behavior Dalton (2007) identifies seven classic styles of behavior of individuals in any workplace: Commander, Drifter, Attacker, Pleaser, Performer, Avoider and Analytical. Commanders are domineering and matter of fact to the point of rudeness. Their initiative and drive might be viewed as a threat by others in the organization. They, however, have the extraordinary ability â€Å"to overcome obstacles, to implement and to achieve results† (Dalton 2007). Drifters are easygoing and impulsive. Disorganized as they are, they cannot conform to rules and routines. To make the most out of them, they have to be given short assignments on flexible schedules. They are innovative and creative and can improvise at short notice. Attackers are cynical and have a demoralizing effect on the others in the organization. This category of workers should be assigned jobs that require minimum interaction with others. However, attackers are adept at tackling unpleasant assignments and making decisions unemo tionally. Pleasers are pleasant and helpful, and incapable of saying "no" to others. Hence they are unable to face conflicts and try to escape having to tackle them. They protect people, often concealing critical information, which could be detrimental to the organization. Performers are entertainers who are often the center of attraction. They have great conversational skills. Performers are ready to falsify facts to project their own importance; however, they shy from accepting any kind of serious responsibility. They have immense ability to strike new relationships. Avoiders are quiet introverts who are reluctant to take initiative and are comfortable working by themselves. They fear criticism, responsibility and accountability. They cling to the security of status quo at the cost of their own betterment. Avoiders, on the other hand, are highly reliable in that they give attention to instructions and get their jobs done "the first time, every time" (Dalton, 2007). Analyticals are cautious, hard-working and obsessed with detail. They are great sources of information; however, they always come up with a valid reason why any new idea cannot work. This hinders the efficiency of a team, especially in times of emergency. They are, however, dependable for their commitment, knowledge and farsightedness. Though human behaviors cannot be strictly categorized under these classic styles, as there can be combinations of two or more of these traits in an individual, understanding these traits can help in smoothing relationships and ensuring positive results. Perception and Conflict The individuals in a workplace, besides in their behavior, could differ in their physical appearance, their social and educational backgrounds, their skills, etc. But the most important difference that has a telling impact in any workplace could be the difference in perceptions. Perception may be defined as "the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he lives" (Organizational Behavior, 2004). Perceptions vary even while exposed to the same stimuli depending on the needs, values and expectations of every individual.

Case Study Bodegas Torres Commerce Essay

Case Study Bodegas Torres Commerce Essay Bodegas Torres is a Spanish wine factory created in 1870 by two brothers, Jaime and Miguel Torres. The company gave priority to quality and innovation. After the two brothers died, it was the turn of Miguels son, Juan, to run the company. He started to product brandies which was the first innovation of the company. In 1932, Miguel, Juans son, succeeded to his father after his death. With the help of his wife Margarita, Miguel worked hard to reduce his lack of experience regarding wine. Since 1870, five generations of the Torres family were able to make a place among the wine world. The first modest operation, located near the Vilafrance Penedà ¨s appellation Penedà ¨s in Catalonia, has quickly made a name and reputation despite heavy events (phylloxera crisis, civil war). Subsequently, the Bodegua Torres took possession of other vineyards in the appellations of Conca de Barbera, Toro, Jumilla, Ribera del Duero, Priorat and more recently in Rioja. However, it was not until 1979 that Miguel Torres decides to acquire a small area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹100 hectares in the Curico Valley in Chile. Descendant of Jaime Torres, so he moved between the valleys of Colchagua and Maule, south of Santiago, becoming the first investor in Chiles wine industry. Since then, the area has flourished and is now 445 hectares. Miguel Torres has also exported its wine to the United States, California, where he founded in 1986 Marimar Estates.. Marimar Torres, his sister , about her adventure in California where she managed the first Marimar Estate Vineyard in 1986. Over time, the small family business has turned into an empire, while still retaining its prestigious reputation and the exceptional quality of its products. Over the years, the company was rewarded at many times for its products like in 1979 (winner of the Great Wine Marathon) or in 1991 (gold medal received for the Milmanda Wine). Every year, the company gets a medal for one of its products. The most recent one is in 2011 (Gold medal received for the De Casta 2010 at Mondial du Rosà © 2011). The Strategy of the company The first strategy of the company was to sell high quality price at a high price because people associate quality with price. But over the years, the company tried to change this image and offered to its customers acceptable quality wine at a moderate price. It is obvious that Bodegas Torres is still producing high quality wine but you can find all the type of wine you want according to your budget. After having strengthen its position in Spain, the company went abroad and started to export its products in several countries. Products are characterized by a commitment to the family, the love of the vine and its fruit that has passed from generation to generation to become one of the most important wineries, which meant it became a company export represented in more than 140 countries. The first exports of the company date back to the 40s, and have continued to grow since then. The group closed the year 2010 with a C. A. EUR 205 million, an increase of 11.5% compared to 2009. This resu lt is mainly due to the increase in exports, which ranks the top wine producers exporting Spanish sparkling wine not alone in AOC. Torres exports represent 72% of sales. The latter increased to countries such as Finland, Canada, Norway and Russia. But the real breakthrough for the group occurred in China. After 30 years of commercial, wine sales to that country rose 40% in 2010. The group became the first company that distributes wine directly. China Torres charged in the last year 16.16 million EUR. As an example, the group sold under their brand of wine Mas La Plana, 1000 cases of 12 bottles in China, with a production of 10,000 cases. In 1997, the company signed for the establishment of a Joint-Venture in China with the   Zhangjiakou Great Wall Torres Winery Co. Ltd. Torres group is also known for its innovations. The alcohol-free wine is one of its flagship products that perfectly matches the new fashion market for aesthetic and health, according to the Chairman of the group. The research department of the company is very active and successful. The company always tries to find better ways of production or new products that may be a good fit for new customers. The structure of the company The company Bodegas Torres has always tried to change its structure according to the market, the trend and changing environment. Managers always thought that each department had to be run by an expert in his area. Many of the executives have started their career within the company which allow them to acquire a good experience of the products and the market. But the competition of the market is fierce and the company had to hire a more professional staff with university degrees. In order to adapt its management strategy, the company was restructured in 1991 with the aim of setting up responsibilities and level of hierarchy. But according to employees and executives, this restructuration was too confusing. After a meeting with all the executives, the company found out that there was a lack of communication between several departments and that some responsibilities were not clearly defined. To fix the situation, Bodegas Torres defined very clearly the different department which are the following ones: The production department: wine production and in charge of the vineyard. The wine and the brandy are divided by sections of the production process. Each member of the team has a clear task. The administrative and financial department: divided into smaller divisions like accounting, treasury and management control, this department is responsible for the control of investments, payments and more. The human resources department: very important for the company, this department is in charge of training as well as payroll. This department aims at keeping the employee updated to new processes or more. The organization and system department: created in 1993, this department has a role of control regarding processes and internal auditing. The marketing department: divided into smaller divisions like sales, exports and public relations, this department is taking care of the companys customers wherever they are in the world. We can easily say that the company has been able to define a clear structure in order to ensure a better communication between departments. The corporate culture The company benefits from a strong corporate culture based on family values and has been transmitted from generation to generation and is very important for the well-being of the company. The corporate culture of the company can be summarize in several points: A strong history: the company has been created in 1870 and is producing wine since then. So it has been more than two centuries that the Torres family has been working on the same products. Each member of the family has been an executive or a manager. Bodegas Torres went through many difficulties like the civil war but the company is still operating. A culture of authenticity: like we said in the previous point, the company produces wine for the past two centuries. They can be called expert in wine producing. They developed their own process of production and care about the quality of their products. Everyone in the company share values of knowledge and quality. The family experience: the Torres family is running the company since its creation. The management is based on these values. Everything is done to keep the family business on. Even if the company sets up objectives, communication and respect are two values that workers have to remember each day. The social responsibility: respecting the environment is very important especially because their raw materials are seeds and earth. The company has developed its own label in order to show its customers that the family cares about the environment as well as its employees. Bodegas key challenges This part of the paper is about identifying the challenges or problems that the company may or will face in the future. With the increasing globalization of economic activities and the introduction of the European single market for the free movement of goods and services, employees and shareholders, business leaders, whether multinationals or exporters are increasingly faced with the demands of international management, which is necessarily accompanied intercultural management. Multicultural Management and diversity Bodegas Torres knows very well the notion of exportation and deals with it in a very efficient way. Usually speaking, when a company wants to develop its international business, it is often necessary to relocate its production, management and marketing. To do this, the company develops foreign subsidiaries, and the problem of cultural differences appear between the employees of the subsidiary, which are mostly native and parent, which is managed by nationals. The main difficulty encountered by these multinational companies is the harmonization of the various business practices. A subsidiary established abroad together different personalities, different language. It is essential to understand how management organizes in a subsidiary. The company has an entity in California, in China and in Chile which implies specificities in terms of values. In order to identify the differences, we will use the Hofstede model based of 4 criteria which are: Power Distance: When it is high, it means, for H, the main characteristics following: the power is a social base, and the economic and social relations are marked by inequality and dependence. Individualism versus Collectivism: Individualism, in contrast to the sense of community is marked by the importance of personal responsibility, individual initiative and respect for privacy, strictly distinguished professional life. Individual interests are privileged in the functioning of organizations. Masculinity versus Femininity: Masculinity is characterized by the following: assertiveness, lack of modesty, the emphasis on success, money and external image, ambition and the desire for personal fulfillment. In opposition, femininity means in particular the emphasis on the relational harmony, rather than assertiveness: femininity is the search for consensus and harmony, the importance of human relationships. Uncertainty Avoidance: It means the willingness to risk guarantee, which can be expressed by the elements following: anxiety of the future, fear of change and difference, preference for stable and rigid structures, and possibly for the gerontocracy, the concern establish procedures clear, precise and detailed to avoid hazards. This criteria will be applied to Spain, United States and China in order to better understand the cultural differences which may help us to highlight management threats but also opportunities. Spain Power Distance: with a score of 57 points, the power distance is relatively high. It mean that the hierarchy is respected by workers and that it is permitted to get advantages if you have a high position. It is important for employees to get feedback from their boss in order to keep their motivation high. Individualism versus collectivism: with a score of 51 points, it means that, contrary to its European colleagues, Spain is based on collectivism. Teamwork is really important for Spanish workers and almost natural. It is easier for them to be motivated when they work with other people as a team. Masculinity versus femininity: the score of 42 points means that companies and employees are not motivated by competition, achievement and success  [1]  . Children are taught to care about others and to always search for a consensus. It is important for Spanish managers to get feedback from its subordinates in order to make decisions and to improve the work environment. Uncertainty avoidance: the score of 86 means that the country doesnt like uncertainty. People like to have rules, and the changes lead to stress. It is important for Spanish people to respect rules because they work as a reference for every type of situation. United States of America Power Distance: with a score of 40 which can be considered as  «Ã‚  low  Ã‚ », United States is based on equal rights and freedom. Unlike Europe, the hierachy is the the same. Even if managers are weel-defined in the organization, they are always accessible. Feedbacks from bother managers and employees are important. Individualism versus collectivism: with a high score of 91, we can easily say that the United States is an individualist country. It means that people have to work for themselves, care for themselves and also for relatives. There is no we in the American society but mainly I. In business, employees have to be reliable and autonomous. Masculinity versus femininity: with a score of 62, the country can be seen as masculine. The main value that is taught in school and appreciated in business is always go for the best or always try your best. American people live to work because their life depend on it. Uncertainty avoidance: with a score of 46, we can say that American people are not afraid of changes and may consider them as challenges. American workers like new idea and are opened to changes in their work environment. China Power Distance: with a score of 80, we can say that in China, inequalities are acceptable. Also, the notion of hierarchy is very strong which imply an important respect of superiors. Everyone should stay at is place and there is no room for initiatives. Individualism versus collectivism: with a low score of 20, we can say that China is a strong collectivist country. People think a lot about others like colleagues or relatives and after they think about themselves. But the score also mean a weak commitment to the company they work for. Masculinity versus femininity: with a score of 66, we can say that China is a masculine society. Work and success is really important and many people may sacrifice their families to get advancement in their work. Uncertainty avoidance: with a low score of 30, Chinese people are used to uncertainty. One of the biggest one is the language which is full of ambiguities. Moreover, Chinese workers are very entrepreneurial which is a good asset for their country. Bodegas Torres has entities in these countries are will face difficulties in the management. It is difficult to deal with different employees expectations, rules and feelings. Managers have to adapt their management strategies in order to get the best of their employees. The relationship between the employees and the company has to be strong in order to be successful. Each entities must follow Bodegas Torres values but adjust its way of doing things to the country. Corporate culture and globalization As we said before, Bodegas Torres benefits from a strong corporate culture. Basically, a corporate culture can be defined as the specific elements that explain the basics of how an entity works. It is, in a sense, a by-product of national culture and therefore a set of valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹, myths, rituals, taboos and symbols shared by the majority of employees. Corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and the strategic choices made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by business. The key challenge for the company here is whether staying a family business or going global. A Family Business Bodegas Torres has always been a family business. In terms of ownership it means that there is a focus on the interest of the company which is owned by the family. People are really passionate for the company and want to work hard to make it more successful. It implies, obviously, a high level of motivation. As a family business, the knowledge and secret know-hows can be highlighted and promoted in order to keep the brand image strong. Being a family business also means that profits are re-invested in the company and not given to shareholders or other stakeholders. In terms of HR Management, we can say that a family business is focused on a good communication system and a higher level of motivation. Communication is very important and if people talk to the other as family members, it is easier to communication without fear of hurting someone or more. Moreover, people working for the family business have a better understanding of the background which generate a higher commitment. To finish with HR, a family business may answer several of the Maslows needs theory. Being a family business is also a benefit in terms of positioning. Bodegas Torres products are high quality and the brand image is strong because the family owns the vineyard. Over the years, the company won many awards and medals for its products and it may seem difficult for new employees to understand this culture. Regarding the finance, the situation of the company is good as it is and both in operating and financial activities. Moreover, expansion is compatible with a family management strategy. The company has all the key to keep its success up but there is also an opportunity to go global. Going Global There are a lot opportunities to go global for a business such as Bodegas Torres. If we analyze the strengths of the company we can see that its growth strategy was a success so far and that it financing situation in good. The company also created a marketing department which will allow the company to better understand the market and offer an appropriate answer to customers needs. In terms of opportunities, the wine market is changing. In 2011, the United States has become the largest consumer of wine in the world ahead of Italy and France, according to a study conducted for Vinexpo Asia Pacific, the exhibition of wine and spirits to be held from May 29 to 31 in Hong Kong. The United States is in first place in the volume consumed (28 million hectoliters to 311.3 million cases of 12 bottles), with an expected growth of around 10% between 2011 and 2015, according to the study conducted in partnership with ISWR the British cabinet. The market is changing a people tend to see wine in a different way and not as a French specificity anymore. The companys new structure enables an internationalization because other companies like competitors are working the same way. The efficiency is higher because all tasks and responsibilities are well defined. Moreover, the RD department is a competitive advantage that the company must use in order to launch new products on the market on a regular basis. Bodegas Torres is facing a choice that will affect its structure and future. The company has to analyze both opportunities in order to make the right decision. We can consider that both choices are opportunities. Intercultural Management and Motivation Motivation is the set of factors determining the action and behavior of an individual to achieve a goal or perform an activity. It is the combination of all the reasons conscious or unconscious, collective and individual, that encourage the individual to act in a team. This is one of the challenges of the managerial function. In our case, the problem is how to motivation people if they dont have the same drivers. It is important first to analyze the needs of employees wherever they are from. For that we can use the Maslows theory. It offers a systematic approach to the needs of the working man and prioritizes different levels in a pyramid. Maslow believed that human behavior is dictated by the needs, man is instinctive, biological and fundamental. Five groups of needs are distinguished: physiological needs, the need for safety, ,the need for social, the need for esteem, the need of self-actualization. According to the country, people will give a different priority to the needs. It is the role of managers to understand this dimension. Beside Maslows work, we can find that Herzberg also worked on the motivation. He connects the motivation and satisfaction at work and uses a common assumption in all theories of need: the unfulfilled need is motivation. Herzberg distinguish two kinds of needs: those that are common to all living beings and those that are specific to humans. Only the latter are a source of motivation, hygiene needs, as soon they are fulfilled they reduce dissatisfaction and are therefore more motivating. Some examples of hygiene needs would be supervision, inter-personal relations, money, status or security. According to this theory, Bodegas Torres should be design a specific management strategy for overseas in order to create a safe and good work environment. Another important point, which is common to all countries is how the work is rewarded. The same rewards do not seem to motivate the same way. Everyone has a clear idea of what constitutes a just reward for his work. It determines what is right by comparing it brings (qualification, effort, experience) and it receives (status, salary) that others provide and receive. When he feels inequality (more or less) between the contributions from its rewards and of those to whom he compares himself, he tries to reduce because it produces a feeling of frustration or guilt either. Every country has its own system of reward and managers should be careful to equity. For example in the united states which is an individualist society, the reward wont be the same as in Spain which is a collectivist country. Recommendations Regarding our analysis, we have few recommendations for Bodegas Torres in order to deal with the globalization and its effects. Analyzing every culture they work with. The Hofstede model is really useful to understand the different cultures around the world. Understanding a culture helps to understand people you work with. It is important to for managers to understand a culture so he can behave in a proper way and dont do any mistake that could lead to a conflict. People dont react the same way depending on the country and a new management strategy has to be designed in order to lead teams in an efficient way. Keeping the family business Many companies try to go global because they see opportunities of growth and reduced costs. But higher costs are not systemically bad. The family business of the Torres family is profitable and its financial situation is healthy contrary to many other firms who rely on debts. Moreover, the brand image which is highly appreciated and well-known will suffer from an over-internationalization. Creating a motivating work environment by analyzing needs in every country A motivating work environment is a competitive advantage over competitors. If employees are motivated and committed to the company, their work will be better and the company will benefit from it. In order to do so, managers and executives must analyze the needs of employees and try to link them to the companys objectives. Gathering people around ethic and values The better way to gather people is to make them share specific values or even a corporate culture. Employees must put their differences aside and focus on the common culture. The company may use the history of the Torres family as an example. Conclusion

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Irony is the opposite of what is and what seems to be. Harper Lee uses irony in her novel To Kill A Mockingbird on several occasions to illustrate the difference between appearance versus reality. An example of this is the cementing of the tree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jem and Scout received many gifts from the oak tree like: chewing gum, a ball of twine, soap carvings of Jem and Scout, a spelling medal, Indian-heads, and a pocket watch. Jem and Scout write the gift-giver a thank you note intending to put it in the tree hole the very next day. When they arrive at the tree they noticed that the hole had been cemented. Jem and Scout asked Mr. Radley why he filled the hole with cement and his reply was, 'Tree's dying. You plug 'em with cement when they're sick. You ought to know that, Jem'; (pg. 67). Later that same day Scout finds Jem crying because he had realized that Mr. Radley was preventing his brother Boo from pursuing a friendship with them. The difference between appearance and reality comes into affect. First, Mr. Radley tells Jem and Scout that he cemented the tree because it was sick when it was not. Secondly, Jem realized that Mr. Radley had lied just to keep Boo from having any friends from the outside world. Harper Lee uses irony when Aunt Alexandra hosts the missionary circle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ladies that attended Aunt Alexandra's missionary circle acted as hypocrites. She says, '...I made a pledge in my heart. I said to myself, when I go home I'm going to give a course on the Mrunas and bring J. Grimes Everett's message to Maycomb...'; (pg. 233-234). The are speaking with compassion of neglected Blacks somewhere in Africa while treating the Negroes that live in and around Maycomb with very little respect. Later in the conversation Mrs. Merriweather tells Scout, 'Out there in J. Grimes Everett's land there's nothing but sin and squalor'; (pg. 234). Harper Lee was showing us the difference between appearance and reality at the missionary circle. The ladies feel sorry for the Blacks in Africa but not the ones in Maycomb. They are both black, what difference does it make where they live? All the Blacks in Maycomb country are being prejudiced against by all the whites. A lesson on democracy teaches us that even whites can become prejudiced against other whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cecil Jacobs talks about his current event article about Adolf Hitler persecuting